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Raymond Merrill Smullyan (; born May 25, 1919)〔 is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician. Born in Far Rockaway, New York, his first career was stage magic. He then earned a BSc from the University of Chicago in 1955 and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1959. He is one of many logicians to have studied under Alonzo Church. ==Life== Born in Far Rockaway, New York, he showed musical talent, winning a gold medal in a piano competition when he was aged 12.〔 The following year, his family moved to Manhattan and he attended Theodore Roosevelt High School in The Bronx as this school offered courses suited to his musical talents, but he left to study on his own as the school did not offer similar courses in mathematics.〔 He attended several colleges, studying mathematics and music.〔 While a Ph.D. student, Smullyan published a paper in the 1957 ''Journal of Symbolic Logic'' showing that Gödelian incompleteness held for formal systems considerably more elementary than that of Gödel's 1931 landmark paper. The contemporary understanding of Gödel's theorem dates from this paper. Smullyan later made a compelling case that much of the fascination with Gödel's theorem should be directed at Tarski's theorem, which is much easier to prove and equally disturbing philosophically.〔Smullyan, R M (2001) "Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems" in Goble, Lou, ed., ''The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic''. Blackwell (ISBN 0-631-20693-0).〕 Smullyan is the author of many books on recreational mathematics and recreational logic. Most notably, one is titled ''What Is the Name of This Book?'' ISBN 0139550623. He was a professor of philosophy at Lehman College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, and at Indiana University. He is also an amateur astronomer, using a six inch reflecting telescope for which he ground the mirror.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Raymond Smullyan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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